ABSTRACT
A composição do leite, que pode ser afetada pelo resfriamento ou congelamento, é determinante para o rendimento na fabricação de queijos, sendo um parâmetro muito importante em termos econômicos. O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito do resfriamento e do congelamento do leite, durante sete dias, sobre o rendimento da coalhada produzida a partir de leite de ovelha e sobre as características físicas do soro obtido. Entre janeiro e dezembro de 2011, foram coletadas mensalmente amostras de leite de ovelha, diretamente dos tanques de resfriamento. Uma parte foi submetida à análise no mesmo dia, denominada leite fresco, e as restantes armazenadas até sete dias, uma em refrigeração (5°C - leite resfriado) e outra em congelamento doméstico (-4°C - leite congelado). Determinou-se o rendimento da coalhada e densidade, pH e acidez titulável do soro obtido. Verificou-se diferença significativa (P<0,05) no rendimento da coalhada entre os tratamentos aplicados, sendo que o rendimento obtido com leite resfriado (3,64±0,34L kg-1) e congelado (3,18±0,23L kg-1) não apresentaram diferenças com o de leite fresco (3,38±0,22L kg-1), porém estes tratamentos diferiram entre si. A densidade média do soro obtido (1,025g mL-1) não apresentou diferenças entre os tratamentos aplicados. O pH e acidez titulável do soro foram semelhantes nos tratamentos de leite fresco e congelado, havendo diferenças (P<0,05) com o soro de leite resfriado, que apresentou-se mais ácido. Embora o soro da coalhada obtida a partir de leite resfriado apresente-se mais ácido, o resfriamento e o congelamento do leite ovino, por um período de sete dias, não afetam o rendimento na fabricação de queijos e o soro obtido não apresenta diferença de densidade entre os tratamentos aplicados.
Milk composition that can be affected by cooling or freezing is crucial for the performance of chesese making, and it is an important parameter in economic terms. The objective of this study was to evaluate, during 7 days, the effect of milk cooling and freezing on the yield of the curd produced with the sheep milk and on the physical characteristics of the obtained whey. Between January and December 2011 samples of the sheep milk were collected every month, directly from the bulk tanks. A part of it was subject to analysis in the same day, and the rest was stored for up to 7 days. One of the samples was kept under refrigeration (5°C - cooled milk) and another was kept in a domestic freezer (-4°C - frozen milk). The yield and density of the curd, pH and titratable acidity of the obtained whey was determined. The treatment applied showed a significant difference (P<0.05) in the yield of the curd, whereas the yield obtained with the cooled milk (3.64±0.34L kg-1) and the frozen milk (3.18±0.23L kg-1) showed no differences with the fresh milk (3.38±0.22 L kg-1), but these treatments were not the same. The average density of the obtained whey (1.025g mL-1) did not present differences between the applied treatments. The whey pH and titratable acidity were similar in both fresh and frozen milk treatments, but there was a difference (P<0.05) with the cooled milk, which had a higher acidity. Even though the whey of the curb obtained from the cooled milk is more acid, the cooling and freezing of the sheep milk, for a period of 7 days, do not affect the yield in cheese making, and the obtained whey does not present density differences between the applied treatments.
ABSTRACT
PURPOSE: To evaluate the effects of lipoic acid (thioctic acid) topical application on wound healing on rats skin, and the consequences of lipoic acid nanoencapsulation on this process. METHODS: The model used was the healing activity on wounds induced by surgical incision on rats skin (n = 44). The parameters analyzed (11 days) were wound healing rate and histology (vascular proliferation, polymorphonuclear or mononuclear cells, and collagen synthesis or reepithelialization), after application of free lipoic acid or lipoic acid- loaded nanocapsules. The antioxidant activity of these formulations was evaluated by lipid peroxidation test. RESULTS: It was demonstrated for the first time that the topical application of lipoic acid improves wound healing. On the seventh day after surgery, the animals treated with lipoic acid showed increased healing rate (60.7 ± 8.4%) compared to the negative control group (43.0 ± 17.4%), as so improvement of histological parameters. The nanoencapsulation reverted the pro-oxidant activity presented in vitro by lipoic acid, whereas diminished wound repair. CONCLUSIONS: The topical application of lipoic acid produced an increase in the skin wound healing, which may be related to its pro-oxidant activity. On the other hand, the nanoencapsulation of the lipoic acid reversed the pro-oxidant activity, although presented minor healing activity.
Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Rats , Antioxidants/administration & dosage , Nanocapsules/administration & dosage , Skin/drug effects , Thioctic Acid/administration & dosage , Wound Healing/drug effects , Antioxidants/metabolism , Disease Models, Animal , Lipid Peroxidation/drug effects , Rats, Wistar , Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism , Skin/pathology , Time Factors , Thioctic Acid/metabolismABSTRACT
A aquisição de medicamentos no serviço público de saúde brasileiro através de licitação com critério de menor preço gera preocupação com a qualidade dos produtos distribuídos à população. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a qualidade dos comprimidos de Enalapril 10 mg e Propranolol 40 mg adquiridos através de processo licitatório e distribuídos na rede pública de saúde de um município catarinense durante o período de um ano. Foram analisados: o aspecto visual, o peso médio, a friabilidade, o teor de fármaco e o tempo de dissolução. De um total de sete lotes, cinco apresentaram desvio da qualidade. Encontraram-se irregularidades no aspecto visual, peso médio, friabilidade e teor de princípio ativo. A avaliação dos medicamentos além de assegurar que os medicamentos dispensados na rede pública possuem qualidade e que podem ser utilizados com segurança pelos pacientes é também uma ferramenta para a qualificação de fornecedores e um subsídio para o aprimoramento do processo licitatório. Sugere-se a implantação de um sistema de gestão da qualidade que inclua a qualificação de fornecedores, o aperfeiçoamento do processo de licitação, incluindo especificações claras sobre a qualidade dos medicamentos adquiridos, bem como o monitoramento da qualidade integrado a ações de farmacovigilância.
The acquisition of medication by the Brazilian public health service through bidding processes based on the lowest price criterion is a source of concern with respect to the quality of the products offered to the population. The scope of this work was to evaluate the quality of Enalapril 10 mg and Propranolol 40 mg tablets bought via the bidding process and supplied by the public health system in a city in the state of Santa Catarina, Brasil, over the course of a year. The visual aspect, weight variation, friability, drug content and dissolving time were analyzed. Out of seven lots, five presented quality deviation. Irregularities were found in the visual aspect, weight variation, friability and active ingredient. The evaluation of the quality of medication, besides ensuring the quality of the products supplied by the health system and safe usage by patients, is also a tool to evaluate medical supply companies and ensure the enhancement of the bidding process. The implementation of a management system that includes the evaluation of medical supply companies, improvement of the bidding process with clear specifications about the quality of the medicines bought are all recommended to ensure product safety.